Software theft or piracy is a rapidly growing problem which includes copying, modifying, and misusing proprietary software opposed to the license agreement. A software birthmark based on dynamic opcode ngram ieee. Not only is it unique to a program, but this feature is also complex for an attacker to forge. Myles and collberg proposed a kgrambased static birthmark for java. In this paper, we propose a static java birthmark based on a set of stack patterns, which reflect the characteristic of java applications. It proved that this birthmark was more resilient to semanticspreserving transformations than the static k gram birthmark. A dynamic software birthmark however pertains to executables, in this paper well report our findings on, software plagiarism, the efforts being pooled in to level out the problem, the systems, techniques, approaches and technologies being used to deal with this issue.
To evaluate the strength of the birthmarking technique, we compare static kgram based software birthmark with dynamic approach from similarity with academic obfuscation tools. It is a new method for plagiarism detection that using the software birthmark based on program control flow in this paper. A new detection scheme of software copyright infringement. Besides these techniques, software birthmark is a property based system which identifies the inherent property of a program to check and show the originality of software. This is crucial since most programs are distributed without source. Existing birthmarks can be classified into two categories. This paper proposes the use of the dalvik executable opcode fuzzy dexofuzzy hash, which finds similar malware variants without the need for an analyst to have systematic or mathematical knowledge. Collberg conducted an experimental analysis of the k gram based birthmark of software by analysis of 111 programs of java. Mikhail atallah, distinguished professor of computer science at purdue university theory, techniques, and tools for fighting software piracy, tampering, and. Kgram based software birthmarks proceedings of the 2005. Software birthmarking targets to counter ownership theft of software by identifying similarity of their origins.
A novel rules based approach for estimating software birthmark shah nazir, 1, sara shahzad, 1 sher afzal khan, 2 norma binti alias, 3 and sajid anwar 4 1 department of computer science, university of peshawar, peshawar 25000, pakistan. New software birthmark based on weight sequences of dynamic. Several birthmarks are available that are based on observations of the way a program uses the standard api libraries. Myles and collberg proposed kgram based birthmark, a static technique, which uniquely identifies a program through instruction sequences. An instructionwords based software birthmark is proposed by applying the idea of document copy detection technology based on word frequency.
Ginger myles, christian collberg, k gram based software birthmarks, proceedings of the 2005 acm symposium on applied computing, computer security track, pp. Birthmark based identification of software piracy using haar. Zhenzhou tian, qinghua zheng, ting liu, ming fan, xiaodong zhang, zijiang yang, plagiarism detection for multithreaded software based on threadaware software birthmarks, proceedings of the 22nd international conference on program comprehension, june 0203, 2014, hyderabad, india. A software birthmark based on weighted kgram 2010 ieee. Estimation of software features based birthmark springerlink. Paper presented at the ieee 37th annual computer software and. In this paper, we propose a system for detecting software plagiarism using a birthmark.
Estimation of a birthmark provides critical information about the extent of piracy performed in a software. Software theft can be detected by a birthmark that can cover the whole behavior of a program. Because of this limitation, many researchers are studying on api based or system call based birthmarks. Evaluated dynamic behavior of source code by computing source code dynamic slice of it then preprocessed the sliced. Set of java bytecode sequences of length k are taken as the birthmark, and similarity between birthmarks are calculated through set operations while ignoring frequency of each element. Kgram based software birthmarks association for computing. In this paper, a dynamic key instruction sequence based software birthmark dkisb is proposed. Abstract interpretation based semantic framework for software birthmark currently, many software birthmarks have been proposed, but the evaluations of these birthmarks are mainly done through experiments and there is no theoretical framework, which makes it difficult to formally analyze and certify the effectiveness of software birthmarks. In our technique, the birthmark is a sequence of the size information of arguments and local variables of functions inside a binary, and the similarity between birthmarks is computed using semiglobal sequence alignment or kgram method.
Software theft and piracy are rapidly increasing problems of copying, stealing, and misusing the software without proper permission, as mentioned in the desired license agreement. In traditional static k gram birthmark algorithm, the result of plagiarism detection is inaccurate. Feature n gram set based software zerowatermarkinga. X, x 1 software plagiarism detection with birthmarks based on dynamic key instruction sequences zhenzhou tian, qinghua zheng, member, ieee, ting liu, member, ieee, ming fan, eryue zhuang and zijiang yang, senior member, ieee abstracta software birthmark is a unique characteristic of a. Detecting theft of java applications via a static birthmark. Myles and collberg 11 applies k gram technique, which is used in document similarity analysis, to the sequence of instructions mnemonics extracted from binary executables. A software system can be stolen or pirated which ultimately results in financial loss to the owner organization. Thread oblivious birthmark based software plagiarism. Myles and collberg 17 proposed a kgram based static birthmark for java. K gram based birthmarks a k gram is a contiguous substring of length k which can. Abstract interpretationbased semantic framework for. The experimental result shows that customizing the k gram birthmark improves the properties of birthmark that are credibility and resilience.
Code obfuscation is a technique that obfuscates a programs source codes or execution codes to. In this paper we present and empirically evaluate a novel birthmarking technique which uniquely identifies a. Dexofuzzy is a method for generating similarity digests with software birthmarking of opcode sequences in dex files based on ssdeep. Accordingly, researchers have proposed different categories and types of software birthmark based on some defined attributes. Lim presented a customized method of kgram birthmark which permits the small changes of programs by applying partial matching of kgram.
In our technique, the birthmark is a sequence of the size information of arguments and local variables of functions inside a binary, and the similarity between birthmarks is computed using semiglobal sequence alignment or k gram method. A distributed content based search engine based on mobile code66 volker roth, ogm laboratory, llc, usa ulrich pinsdorf, fraunhofer igd, germany jan peters, fraunhofer igd, germany an empirical evaluation of communication effectiveness in autonomous reactive multiagent. Software birthmark is a promising technique for detecting software piracy. Two attributes, credibility and resilience, are considered as the most important attributes of a software birthmark. They have used dynamic program slicing technique to capture dynamic slice and used these slices as program birthmarks. Improving similarity measure for java programs based on. For birthmarks extracted from individual java methods such as k gram birthmarks 11, reordering the sequence of java methods greatly changes the birthmark. In this paper we present and empirically evaluate a novel birthmarking technique which uniquely identifies a program through instruction sequences.
Effects of code obfuscation on android app similarity analysis. A novice birthmarking approach has been proposed in this paper that is based. A kind of dynamic opcode ngram software birthmark is proposed in this paper based on myles software birthmark in which static opcode ngram set is regarded as the software birthmark. A novice birthmarking approach has been proposed in this paper that is based on. These birthmarks are intact through compilation and can be used for detecting software theft and computer forensics. A software birthmark means the inherent characteristics of a program that can be used to identify the program. Most of the study on software birthmark focuses on how to describe the appropriate properties to detect software theft. The dynamic opcode ngram set is regarded as the software birthmark which is extracted from the dynamic executable instruction sequence of the program. Effects of code obfuscation on android app similarity analysis j. It was extracted by sliding a window of length k over the static instruction sequences. Pdf birthmark based identification of software piracy. Comparing birthmarks of software can tell us whether a program or software is a copy of another.
The birthmark for the module is the union of the birthmarks of each method in the module. The emergence of software artifacts greatly emphasizes the need for protecting intellectual property rights ipr hampered by software piracy requiring effective measures for software piracy control. Another birthmark based on the control flow information was proposed by lim et al. This information can then be used to decide over many important issues related with software theft and piracy. To improve the performance of kgrams of resisting semanticspreserving transformations, and also consider a birthmark should cover the whole behavior of a program. Bibliography of software language engineering in generated hypertext bibsleigh is created and maintained by dr.
Abstract interpretationbased semantic framework for software. Malware detection using dynamic birthmarks proceedings. Christian collberg, stephen kobourov, selfplagiarism in computer science, communications of the acm, april 2005. Collberg list of publications from the dblp bibliography server faq ask others. A software birthmark based on weighted kgram abstract. A dynamic birthmarkbased software plagiarism detection tool zhenzhou tian, qinghua zheng, ming fan, eryue zhuang, haijun wang, ting liu ministry of education key lab for intelligent networks and network security department of computer science and. In proceedings of acm symposium on applied computing, pages 314318, new mexico, 2005.
The birthmark extraction algorithm consists of two steps. A software birthmark based on dynamic opcode ngram. Evaluated dynamic behavior of source code by computing source code dynamic slice of it then preprocessed the sliced code and implemented birthmark extraction algorithm, in java. The software birthmark of an android app can be extracted from x. A software birthmark is the invariable features of a program that can used to detect software theft. Yameng bai proposed dynamic kgram based software birthmark 7. Software code theft detection using k gram based software birthmark first phase. New software birthmark based on weight sequences of. Similarity in birthmarks of two computer programs indicates that they are same. Proceedings of the symposium on applied computingc. Comparison of the birthmarks of the softwares in question tells us whether software is a duplicate copy of another software or not. For each method in a module we compute the set of unique kgrams by sliding a window of length k over the static instruction sequence as it is laid out in the executable. Not only is it unique to a program, but this feature is also complex for an attacker to forge 18.
Myles and collberg 17 proposed a k gram based static birthmark for java. Download citation an android birthmark based on api kgram a software birthmark means inherent characteristics that can be used to identify a program. Jan 14, 2020 the emergence of software artifacts greatly emphasizes the need for protecting intellectual property rights ipr hampered by software piracy requiring effective measures for software piracy control. Ginger myles, christian collberg, kgram based software birthmarks, proceedings of the 2005 acm symposium on applied computing, computer security track, pp. Instruction opcode sequences of length k are extracted from a program, and kgram techniques, which were used to detect the similarity of documents 15, are used for the opcode sequence. They used the k gram set of instruction sequences as the unique characteristics.
In traditional static kgram birthmark algorithm, the result of plagiarism detection is inaccurate. Open source software detection using functionlevel static. Birthmarkbased software classification using rough sets. A dynamic birthmarkbased software plagiarism detection tool zhenzhou tian, qinghua zheng, ming fan, eryue zhuang, haijun wang, ting liu ministry of education key lab for intelligent networks and network security department of computer science and technology, xian jiaotong university, xian, 710049, china. Compared with tamadas birthmark, their birthmark showed better robustness and did not need source code. A novel rules based approach for estimating software birthmark. However, most of the existing software birthmarks face a series of challenges. Software program consists of data and instructions. The proposed research work in this paper presents a haar wavelet based system which is method for birthmark based features of software which in turn helps comparing software birthmarks to be tested for piracy detection purpose. The combination of these features is called as birthmark of the software. This k gram based static birthmark is vulnerable to obfuscation such as statement reordering or invalid instruction insertion. A comparison of such birthmarks facilitates the detection of software theft. Graphs resemblance based software birthmarks through data.
Birthmark based identification of software piracy using. Software birthmark is a property of software that has been used for the detection of software theft successfully. Improving similarity measure for java programs based on optimal matching of control flow graphs. A software birthmark is an intrinsic property of software that is used to detect the theft of software systems. In this paper, we propose a static java birthmark based on a set of stack patterns, which reflect the. The strength of software birthmarking lies in its ability to detect software theft given a potentially hostile adversary even when the source code is unavailable.
To improve the performance of kgrams of resisting semanticspreserving transformations, and also consider a birthmark should cover the whole behavior. In current computing environments, software is used in various applications. First, it is used to the result of static that analysis of the java program as meta information, analyze meta information to get byte stream instruction in method. There are two types of software birthmarks, static and dynamic. An analysis of driveby download operations and abuse reporting. Software birthmark is a unique quality of software to detect software theft. Software code theft detection using kgram based software birthmark first phase. Software birthmark is an important property of software that is successfully used to detect piracy and theft of software. The results of the method show that the static api birthmark can detect related components of two different packages whereas the other birthmark techniques fails to do so. Software birthmarking relies on unique characteristics that are inherent to a program to identify the program in the event of suspected theft.
A dynamic birthmarkbased software plagiarism detection. Firstly, an instructionword library is established by taking statistic on instruction combinations of program samples, and then instructionwords are extracted according to the. Two separate pieces of software can be compared to identify the similarity in code by using their birthmarks. Dynamic kgram based software birthmark request pdf.
Book description this book gives thorough, scholarly coverage of an area of growing importance in computer security and is a must have for every researcher, student, and practicing professional in software protection. Our technique employs functionlevel static software birthmark to detect code clones in binaries. Tobpd plagiarism detectionpolice department is the tool for software plagiarism based on the thread oblivious birthmarks. Customizing kgram based birthmark through partial matching in detecting software thefts. Comparative analysis of technical methods for detecting. Currently, many software birthmarks have been proposed, but the evaluations. Implementation, analysis, and attacks, journal of computer security, volume, number 5. Proceedings of the international symposiums on information processingc. Jul 28, 2019 software birth marking proves to be a reliable approach to detect software plagiarism by determining the similarity of unique characteristics between the two programs in question. Plagiarism detection, software birthmark, software theft detection, software watermark. A kind of static software birthmark based on control flow.
Kalaoja, 1997 emphasised on the feature modelling of embedded software systems. The kgram based birthmark is a method for comparing binary programs to find similar software, such as software thefts or common modules. Identifying similar or identical code fragments becomes much more challenging in code theft cases where plagiarizers can use various automated code transformation. Instruction sequences can reflect program behavior to various points, so it is realistic to define birthmarks as instructions sequences. A software birthmark is based on the inherent properties of software. It supports the analysis of binary executobles, and can be used to detect plagiarism effectively for both singlemultithreaded programs through implementing the tob framewrok. The birthmark is representative features of a program, which can be used to identify the pr. Using a dynamic program slicing tool with the given input, a union of kgram instructionsequence sets denoted as birthmark is used to identify a program uniquely. Calculated k gram birthmarks and the frequencie of all k gram birthmark.
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